External sources of finance

External: This is the money raised from outside the business. It includes

Short Term

Bank overdraft: Bank overdraft is a facility given by banks to its business customers, people having current accounts. Through this facility the customers can overdraw their accounts to a greater value than the balance in the account. To overdrawn amount is agreed in advance with the bank manager. The bank assigns a limit to overdraw from the account and the business can meet its short term liabilities by writing cheques to the extent of limit allowed.

Advantage

Disadvantage

  • No need for collaterals or security.
  • More flexible and the overdraft amount can be adjusted every month according to needs.
  • Interest rates are usually variable and higher than bank loans
  • Cash flow problems can arise if the bank asks for the overdraft to be repaid at a short notice.

Trade Credit: Usually in business dealing supplier give a grace period to their customers to pay for the purchases. This can range from 1 week to 90 days depending upon the type of business and industry.

Advantage

Disadvantage

No interest has to be paid.

The business may not get cash discounts.

By delaying the payment of bills for goods or services received, a business is, in effect, obtaining finance which can be used for more important expenditures.

Factoring of debts: It involves the business selling its bills receivable to a debt factoring company at a discounted price. In this way the business get access to instant cash.

Click on these links to know more about debt factoring

Factoring of debts
Advantages and Disadvantages of debt factoring


Medium Term

Hire purchase: It involves purchasing an asset paying for it over a period of time. Usually a percentage of the price is paid as down payment and the rest is paid in installments for the period of time agreed upon. The business has to pay an interest on these installments.

Leasing: Leasing involves using an asset, but the ownership does not pass to the user. Business can lease a building or machinery and a periodic payment is made as rent, till the time the business uses the assets. The business does not need to purchase the asset.

Advantage

Disadvantage

  • The business can benefit from the asset without purchasing it.
  • Usually the maintenance of the asset is done by the leasing firm.
  • The total cost of leasing may end up higher than the purchasing of asset

Medium term bank loan: A bank loan for 1 year to 5 years.


Long term

Long term Bank loan: borrowing from bank for a limited period of time. The business has to pay an interest on the borrowing. This interest may be fixed or variable. Businesses taking loan will often have to provide security or collateral for the loan.

Issue of share: It is a permanent source of finance but only available to limited companies. Public limited companies can sell further shares up to the limit of their authorized share capital. Private limited companies can sell further shares to existing shareholders.

Advantage

Disadvantage

Permanent source of capital.
In case of ordinary shares business will only pay dividends if there is a profit.

Dividends have to be paid to the shareholders.

Debentures: A debenture is defined as a certificate of acceptance of loans which is given under the company's stamp and carries an undertaking that the debenture holder will get a fixed return (fixed on the basis of interest rates) and the principal amount whenever the debenture matures. It is issued for a long periods of time. Debentures are generally freely transferrable by the debenture holder. Debenture holders have no voting rights and the interest given to them is a charge against profit.

Sales and lease back: this involves a firm selling its assets or property to an investment company and then leasing it back over a long period of time. The business thus can use the asset without purchasing it and can use the revenue earned from its sale for other purposes.

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